Call For Paper - Upcoming Conferences

Research Article | Open Access
Volume 12 | Issue 10 | Year 2025 | Article Id. IJCSE-V12I10P101 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.14445/23488387/IJCSE-V12I10P101

Blockchain for Industry 5.0: Theories, Algorithms, and Possible Outcomes

Nisha Bhati, Bhupender Kumar, Deepika Saxena, Kushika Mittal

Citation :

Nisha Bhati, Bhupender Kumar, Deepika Saxena, Kushika Mittal, "Blockchain for Industry 5.0: Theories, Algorithms, and Possible Outcomes," International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering , vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1-13, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488387/IJCSE-V12I10P101

Abstract

The review explores the multifaceted role of blockchain technology in the context of Industry 5.0, highlighting its theoretical foundations, algorithmic frameworks, and real-world implications. The paper begins by outlining the core principles and architectural features of blockchain systems, followed by an in-depth examination of consensus algorithms and cryptographic mechanisms that ensure decentralization, transparency, and trust. It then delves into emerging theoretical perspectives that position blockchain as a catalyst for human-centric, resilient, and intelligent industrial ecosystems. A focused analysis is presented on blockchain’s application in optimizing supply chain management, emphasizing enhanced traceability, automation, and efficiency. Furthermore, the paper identifies key challenges — such as scalability, interoperability, and regulatory concerns—while forecasting potential developments including integration with quantum-safe cryptographic standards and cross-chain interoperability. The review concludes by synthesizing insights to propose future research directions aimed at harnessing blockchain’s full potential in shaping the evolution of Industry 5.0.

Keywords

Blockchain, Human Machine Interaction, Industry 5.0, Network Security, Smart Contracts.

References

[1] M. Breque, L. De Nul, and A. Petridis, “Industry 5.0 – Towards a Sustainable, Human-centric and Resilient European Industry,” Publications Office of the European Union, 2021.
[Publisher Link]
[2] Heiner Lasi et al., “Industry 4.0,” Business & Information Systems Engineering, vol. 6, pp. 239-242, 2014.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Chandan Trivedi et al., “Explainable AI for Industry 5.0: Vision, Architecture, and Potential Directions,” IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications, vol. 5, pp. 177-208, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Paula Fraga-Lamas et al., “An Overview of Blockchain for Industry 5.0: Towards Human-centric, Sustainable and Resilient Applications,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 116162-116201, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] Ashwin Verma et al., “Blockchain for Industry 5.0: Vision, Opportunities, Key Enablers, and Future Directions,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 69160-69199, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Muhammad Hamza Zafar, Even Falkenberg Lang˚as, and Filippo Sanfilippo, “Exploring the Synergies between Collaborative Robotics, Digital Twins, Augmentation, and Industry 5.0 for Smart Manufacturing: A State-of-the-art Review,” Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, vol. 89, p. 102769, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Hao Ran Chi et al., “A Survey of Network Automation for Industrial Internet-of-things Toward Industry 5.0,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 2065-2077, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Md Mijanur Rahman et al., “Cobotics: The Evolving Roles and Prospects of Next-generation Collaborative Robots in Industry 5.0,” Journal of Robotics, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Eija Kaasinen et al., “Smooth and Resilient Human- machine Teamwork as an Industry 5.0 Design Challenge,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 2773, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Theresa Sobb, Benjamin Turnbull, and Nour Moustafa, “Supply Chain 4.0: A Survey of Cyber Security Challenges, Solutions and Future Directions,” Electronics, vol. 9, no. 11, p. 1864, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] K.K. Ramachandran et al., “Innovative Cyber Security Solutions Built on Block Chain Technology for Industrial 5.0 Applications,” 2023 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Communication (AISC), 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] Shahriar Fahim, S.M. Katibur Rahman, and Sharfuddin Mahmood, “Blockchain: A Comparative Study of Consensus Algorithms PoW, PoS, PoA, PoV,” International Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Computing, vol. 3, pp. 46-57, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
[13] Ziyi Zhou et al., “Performance Analysis of Wireless Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Networks Using IEEE 802.11,” 2021 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Nawrin Afrin, and Abhijit Pathak, “Blockchain-powered Security and Transparency in Supply Chain: Exploring Traceability and Authenticity Through Smart Contracts,” International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 185, no. 49, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Zhu-Jun Wang et al., “Blockchain Adoption in Sustainable Supply Chains for Industry 5.0: A Multistakeholder Perspective,” Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 100425, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Mohammad Salar Arbabi et al., “A Survey on Blockchain for Healthcare: Challenges, Benefits, and Future Directions,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 386-424, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Maria-Victoria Vladucu et al., “E-voting Meets Blockchain: A Survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 23293-23308, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Michael Nofer et al., “Blockchain,” Business & Information Systems Engineering, vol. 59, pp. 183–187, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Zibin Zheng et al., “Blockchain Challenges and Opportunities: A Survey,” International Journal of Web and Grid Services, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 352-375, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] Massimo Di Pierro, “What is the Blockchain?,” Computing in Science & Engineering, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 92-95, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Bahareh Lashkari, and Petr Musilek, “A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 43620-43652, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] M.R. Manu et al., “Blockchain Components and Concept,” Blockchain Technology and Applications, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Hamed Taherdoost, “Smart Contracts in Blockchain Technology: A Critical Review,” Information, vol. 14, no. 2, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] Jiewu Leng et al., “Manuchain II: Blockchained Smart Contract System as the Digital Twin of Decentralized Autonomous Manufacturing Toward Resilience in Industry 5.0,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 4715-4728, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] B. Sriman et al., “Blockchain Industry 5.0: Next Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform,” 2022 International Conference on Innovative Computing, Intelligent Communication and Smart Electrical Systems (ICSES), 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[26] Peter Wegner, “Interoperability,” ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 285-287, 1996.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[27] Rafael Belchior et al., “A Survey on Blockchain Interoperability: Past, Present, and Future Trends,” ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 1-41, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[28] Najmus Sakib Sizan et al., “Evaluating Blockchain Platforms for IoT Applications in Industry 5.0: A Comprehensive Review,” Blockchain: Research and Applications, vol. 6, no. 3, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[29] Samuel Karumba et al., “Bailif: A Blockchain Agnostic Interoperability Framework,” 2023 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC), 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] Kunpeng Ren et al., “Interoperability in Blockchain: A Survey,” IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 12750-12769, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[31] Amr Adel, “Unlocking the Future: Fostering Human-machine Collaboration and Driving Intelligent Automation through Industry 5.0 in Smart Cities,” Smart Cities, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 2742-2782, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[32] Ruyan Liu et al., “BTDSI: A Blockchain-based Trusted Data Storage Mechanism for Industry 5.0,” Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences, vol. 35, no. 8, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[33] Turki Ali Alghamdi, Rabiya Khalid, and Nadeem Javaid, “A Survey of Blockchain based Systems: Scalability Issues and Solutions, Applications and Future Challenges,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 79626-79651, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[34] Ting Cai et al., “On-chain and Off-chain Scalability Techniques,” Blockchain Scalability, pp. 81-96, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[35] Amritraj Singh et al., “Sidechain Technologies in Blockchain Networks: An Examination and State-of-the-art Review,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 149, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[36] Gagandeep Kaur, and Charu Gandhi, “Scalability in Blockchain: Challenges and Solutions,” Handbook of Research on Blockchain Technology, pp. 373-406, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[37] Baochao Chen et al., “A Comprehensive Survey of Blockchain Scalability: Shaping Inner-chain and Inter-chain Perspectives,” arXiv:2409.02968, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[38] Brandon Liew Yi Quan et al., “Recent Advances in Sharding Techniques for Scalable Blockchain Networks: A Review,” IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 21335-21366, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[39] Ha Nguyen, and Linh Do, “The Adoption of Blockchain in Food Retail Supply Chain: Case: IBM Food Trust Blockchain and The Food Retail Supply Chain in Malta,” Theseus, 2018.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[40] Thomas Jensen, Stefan Henningsson, and Jonas Hedman, “Delivering Business Value with Blockchain Technology: The Long Journey of Tradelens,” MIS Quarterly Executive, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 221-243, 2019.
[Google Scholar]
[41] T. Koroye, “Banking in Dark Chains: Systemic Risks and Regulatory Gaps in JPMorgan's Kinexys Digital Assets Private Permissioned Blockchain,” Blockchain and Cryptocurrency, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 48-56, 2025.
[Publisher Link]
[42] Sairam Sriraman et al., “Blockchain-enabled Supply Chain Financing (BCF),” Georgetown McDonough School of Business Research Paper, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[43] Evgeny Pankratov, Vladimir Grigoryev, and Oleg Pankratov, “The Blockchain Technology in Real Estate Sector: Experience and Prospects,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 869, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[44] Anantha Divakaruni, and Peter Zimmerman, ‘The Lightning Network: Turning Bitcoin into Money,” Finance Research Letters, vol. 52, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[45] Joseph Poon, and Vitalik Buterin, “Plasma: Scalable Autonomous Smart Contracts,” White paper, 2017.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[46] Hung Dang et al., “Towards Scaling Blockchain Systems Via Sharding,” Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 123-140, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[47] Anatoly Konkin, and Sergey Zapechnikov, “Zero Knowledge Proof and ZK-SNARK for Private Blockchains,” Journal of Computer Virology and Hacking Techniques, vol. 19, pp. 443-449, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[48] Tao Zhang, “Privacy Evaluation of Blockchain Based Privacy Cryptocurrencies: A Comparative Analysis of Dash, Monero, Verge, Zcash, and Grin,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 574-582, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[49] Qinan Sun, “Ghost Protocol used in Ethereum Compared with Protocols used in Bitcoin,” Third International Conference on Machine Learning and Computer Application (ICMLCA 2022), 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[50] Hiu Yung Wong, “Shor's Algorithm,” Introduction to Quantum Computing, pp. 289-298, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[51] Xiaoyun Wang, Guangwu Xu, and Yang Yu, “Lattice-based Cryptography: A Survey,” Chinese Annals of Mathematics, Series B, vol. 44, pp. 945-960, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[52] Jayashree Dey, and Ratna Dutta, “Progress in Multivariate Cryptography: Systematic Review, Challenges, and Research Directions,” ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 1-34, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]